Politics Middle East & North Africa

General government final consumption expenditure % of GDP Middle East & North Africa

The world is witnessing a tech cold war and decoupling between the U.S. and China, as new geopolitical fault lines emerge based on technology networks and the flow of information. This has critical implications for the Middle East as the region seeks to become an inflection point for the new digital order and a key arbiter in building the global digital architecture. MEI's Center for Strategy and Emerging Technology studies how emerging technologies are impacting the region, analyzes the rise of new tech powers, and seeks to open up opportunities https://www.metadialog.com/government/ for new tech cooperation between the U.S. and leading regional actors. Events of the "Arab Spring" such as the Tunisian Revolution may indicate a move towards democracy in some countries which may not be fully captured in the democracy index. In 2015, Tunisia became the first Arab country classified as free since the beginning of Lebanon's civil war 40 years ago.[5]
Theories are diverse on the subject. Other explanations include the problem that most of the states in the region are rentier states, which experience the theorized resource curse.

The country’s future stability depends not just on support from the international system, but on regional trends and the capacity of Iraqi policymakers to move beyond parochialism. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 resulted in an electoral system (an Islamic Republic with a constitution), but the system has a limited democracy in practice. One of the main problems of Iran's system is the consolidation of power in the hands of the Supreme Leader who is elected by Assembly of Experts for life (unless the Assembly of Experts decides to remove him which has never happened). Another main problem is the closed loop in the electoral system, the elected Assembly of Experts elect the Supreme Leader of Iran, who appoints the members of the Guardian Council, who in turn vet the candidates for all elections including the elections for Assembly of Experts.

E-Government Services in the Middle East: An Economy Booster

For years, poll after poll has highlighted the overwhelming Arab support for Palestine as the foremost Arab cause, and the growing hostility towards America, which is seen as a destabilising hegemonic force in the region. Before moving back to New York City, he worked for news outlets in South Africa, Jordan and Cambodia. Customize your subscription to our expert analysis, op-eds, live events, and special reports. As GCC governments and enterprises continue to evolve, they’ll be inclined to invest more in new capabilities and technologies as part of a long-term, holistic framework.

Our solutions, from strategy and policy through to execution, are human-led and tech-powered. These solutions are driving real-life results for our region as it goes through a period of massive and fast transformation. The HARASSmap initiative against sexual harassment discussed in the chapter is also accessible online.

Middle East government, politics and policy

While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries, the country is one of the region's largest and most populous. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi, Daylami, Kurdish dialects, Semmani, Lurish, amongst many others. In the 20th century, the region's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance. The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia Middle East Government and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan, and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area.

This series examines new ways of understanding democratization and government in the Middle East. The varied and uneven processes of change, occurring in the Middle Eastern region, can no longer be read and interpreted solely through the prism of Euro-American transitology. Seeking to frame critical parameters in light of these new horizons, this series instigates reinterpretations of democracy and propagates formerly ‘subaltern,’ narratives of democratization. Reinvigorating discussion on how Arab and Middle Eastern peoples and societies seek good government, Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Democratization and Government provides tests and contests of old and new assumptions.

The International Center for Non-for-Profit Law also closely monitors associational life and protests in Egypt. For more objective sources of analysis, Libya Monitor provides a steady fount of business-related and financial information. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace also has a useful Libya portal with briefings and insights. Many of the data and insights discussed in this chapter come from the following research sources.

MEI offers language training through private and group courses in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Hebrew, and other regional languages at a variety of proficiency levels, all taught by professionally-trained, native speakers. This book offers a new interpretation of the rich narratives of Arab secularism, contending that secularism as a set of ideas and a social movement is destined to loom large on the political and legal horizon of most Arab states. Drawing on the history of post-independence Tunisia, the book studies the evolution of al-Nahḍah as a political party in Tunisia and its role in a protracted struggle to shape the post-authoritarian order along democratic lines. This book examines the processes of transition from authoritarian rule in Tunisia and Egypt between 2011 and 2014, arguing that differences between the two countries can be explained by the conduct of their respective political parties. The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products (such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait), others have a highly diverse economic base (such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt).

The podcast sheds light on the growing role that China is playing in the Middle East, and it will be of particular relevance to the US policy community. Stephen R. Grand flips the analytical script on the spate of notable books covering “How Democracies Die.” Democracies can corrode and crumble, but so can autocracies. Why are there no books being published about how kings and queens, emperors and caliphs, cease to rule—either because their throne is transformed into a more ceremonial post or because they lose power entirely?

They are keeping citizen-centered design at the heart of their e-government services and upskilling their workforces to be suitable for a dynamic future. By digitizing, governments can provide services that meet the demands and expectations of citizens and businesses, despite tight budgets and complex challenges such as inequality and instability. Not only are digital services and interactions preferred nowadays, but these can also empower and broaden engagement with the government.

The analogy with ISIL goes a long way to providing Israel with carte blanche to wage a “long and painful war” against Gaza. By August, the hackers had used a tool to scan for vulnerabilities, including the Log4j bug, on other machines on the network. Dick O’Brien, principal intelligence analyst on the Symantec Threat Hunter Team, told Recorded Future News that there were several new tools involved in the intrusion, including three new pieces of malware. As we continue working to renew our societies and institutions, many in Africa and the Middle East are still grappling with the devastating socio-economic consequences the pandemic brought.

• The end of ‘Merkelism’ and the formation of the new ‘traffic light coalition’ government in Berlin – consisting of the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party and the Free Democratic Party – signals the beginning of a new era for German foreign policy, including toward the Middle East.
• In her chapter on Iraq, Professor of International Affairs at George Washington University Judith S. Yaphe foreshadows the continuing internal sectarian and ethnic problems under Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki.
• As part of the government’s digital transformation program 2021–2025, a tender has been announced to study, design and implement a unified national portal for electronic services.
• Three main questions will dominate the next phase, regardless of when the conflict ends.

Now the state has collapsed, and the country is facing the worst humanitarian crisis in the world, with two thirds of its population in dire need of food. In Syria, the current regime retains its grip on power, but the government has done little to direct resources to support the people. Twelve years of fighting has collapsed the infrastructure – leaving much of the population without access to clean water, health care and food – and the country is now facing a cholera outbreak. The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs leads U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and North Africa region through carefully administered diplomacy, advocacy, and assistance that advances the interests, safety, and economic prosperity of the American people. In cooperation with regional partners, we promote democratic values and foster a free, peaceful, and prosperous Middle East and North Africa.

Saudi Arabia

For Iran, a conflict between Israel and Hezbollah could weaken its main regional proxy and partner and degrade Tehran’s network of alliances. A perhaps less treacherous option would be an escalation in the Golan Heights, where the risk of a regional spillover is somewhat lower for all sides. The international community is faced with a radical Israeli government that is not interested in any compromise, an ineffective Palestinian leadership that has been further weakened by the current events, and a U.S. administration that is preoccupied with presidential elections next year. The social agenda is a top priority for Middle Eastern governments moving forward and is the hallmark of the change sweeping across the region. Employment, poverty, accessibility and regulatory/ judicial reform are issues that underpin this critical area.

Afrocentrists claim ancient Egypt was a predominantly black civilization, but this has been refuted by many Egyptians and their government. The N7 Initiative, a partnership between the Atlantic Council and Jeffrey M. Talpins Foundation, will convene government and nongovernmental subject-matter experts from Israel and Arab states to produce actionable recommendations to deliver tangible benefits to their peoples. You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. The Moroccan public, meanwhile, has been far more vocal, taking to the streets in support of Palestinians and calling for an end to normalization with Israel.

by Георги Тенев

What is GPT 4? Heres everything you need to know

Who created ChatGPT, and what company owns it?

GPT 3.5 only accepts text prompts, whereas the most recent version of the large language model can also identify and analyze images as inputs. The new model is available today for users of ChatGPT Plus, the paid-for version of the ChatGPT chatbot, which provided some of the training data for the latest release. Calling it “our most capable and aligned model yet”, OpenAI cofounder Sam Altman said the new system is a “multimodal” model, which means it can accept images as well as text as inputs, allowing users to ask questions about pictures. The new version can handle massive text inputs and can remember and act on more than 20,000 words at once, letting it take an entire novella as a prompt. The introduction of vision and text-to-speech capabilities allows for more interactive and accessible customer experiences. Marketers can create more engaging content, like personalized images or natural-sounding voice responses, enhancing the overall customer experience.

For example, DALL-E 3 is used for generating images programmatically, and GPT-4 Turbo can now process images via API for various tasks, enhancing applications like helping visually impaired individuals. The text-to-speech model offers natural-sounding audio outputs, with multiple voice presets, enhancing accessibility and use cases such as language learning. OpenAI also announced the rollout of customizable versions of ChatGPT, called GPTs, allowing users to create and share AI tailored to specific tasks or interests, without the need for coding skills. These custom AI models can assist with everyday tasks, learning or entertainment and will be available for public creation and sharing. Not to mention the fact that even AI experts have a hard time figuring out exactly how and why language models generate the outputs they do. So, to actually solve the accuracy problems facing GPT-4 and other large language models,“we still have a long way to go,” Li said.

Careers at OpenAI

According to OpenAI, GPT-4 "passes a simulated bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers; in contrast, GPT-3.5’s score was around the bottom 10%." Stay updated with the latest news, expert advice and in-depth analysis on customer-first marketing, commerce and digital experience design. We haven’t tried out GPT-4 in ChatGPT Plus yet ourselves, but it’s bound to be more impressive, building on the success of ChatGPT. In fact, if you’ve tried out the new Bing Chat, you’ve apparently already gotten a taste of it.

People were in awe when ChatGPT came out, impressed by its natural language abilities as an AI chatbot. But when the highly anticipated GPT-4 large language model came out, it blew the lid off what we thought was possible with AI, with some calling it the early glimpses of AGI (artificial general intelligence). GPT-4 is OpenAI’s fourth and most recent version of its large language model. GPT stands for generative pre-trained transformer, meaning the model is a type of neural network that generates natural, fluent text by predicting the next most-likely word or phrase. We are also providing limited access to our 32,768–context (about 50 pages of text) version, gpt-4-32k, which will also be updated automatically over time (current version gpt-4-32k-0314, also supported until June 14).

WHYY provides trustworthy, fact-based, local news and information and world-class entertainment to everyone in our community. We'll discuss our relationship with it and look at where the technology is headed. ChatGPT 4 is significantly more multilingual than the prior ChatGPT version. According to reports, ChatGPT can respond MSQs in approximately 26 languages. One of the app’s blind spokespeople used it to get directions on the London Underground subway system, according to a video she posted on TikTok. It’s possible, but we’re going to go where the data and the use cases take us,” he said.

By exploring innovative approaches to AI research, OpenAI seeks to establish a new paradigm of AI development that prioritises ethical considerations and promotes societal well-being. In 2019, OpenAI teamed up with tech giant Microsoft, which became a significant strategic investor. Microsoft provided a funding boost of one billion dollars to support OpenAI's efforts in exchange for an exclusive licence to the AI firm's technology. OpenAI has also made significant contributions to the development of reinforcement learning algorithms by creating OpenAI Gym, a toolkit that facilitates the growth and comparison of these algorithms. So, whenever you hear anyone saying it was Musk as an answer to the question "Who created ChatGPT AI?", you know how to correct them.

You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. This means that more parameters and prompts can be included as input which improves the models ability to handle more complex tasks and produce better output results. By incorporating state-of-the-art techniques in machine learning, GPT-4 has been optimized to understand complex patterns in natural language and produce highly sophisticated text outputs. In March, we introduced the ChatGPT API, and earlier this month we released our first updates to the chat-based models. Today we’re announcing a deprecation plan for older models of the Completions API, and recommend that users adopt the Chat Completions API.

With its human-like responses and precise answers, ChatGPT has taken artificial intelligence to new heights, making users more curious about the platform. However, Sam Altman has acknowledged that the computing costs are high, and while the company plans to monetise the platform in the future, it will have to do so carefully. It stands for "Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer." This AI is designed to understand and generate human-like text based on the input it receives.

By incorporating GPT-4 into your systems, you can save time and money, while also gaining a competitive advantage. This technology can improve your customer support, streamline your workflows, and provide valuable insight into your business operations. While ChatGPT-3 is already an impressive language model, it is limited by a maximum word count of 3000 for both input and generated output. Meanwhile, ChatGPT-4 is taking it to a whole new level with its staggering maximum word count of 25,000 for both input and output. Before the release of GPT-4, its predecessor ChatGPT-3 was considered the top-notch language model. It was released only four months prior to GPT-4’s release, which indicates the remarkable speed at which technology is advancing in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

How to use GPT-4

After discussing the distinction between the two models, exploring new functionalities, and identifying potential applications and use cases, you’re probably curious to learn how you can start using GPT-4. By using ChatGPT-4 in software development, businesses can improve their productivity and efficiency, while also creating high-quality software that meets their unique needs. For instance, in the bar exam simulation, GPT-3.5 scored in the bottom 10% of test takers, while GPT-4 scored in the top 10%.

GPT-4 is a new language model created by OpenAI that can generate text that is similar to human speech. It advances the technology used by ChatGPT, which is currently based on GPT-3.5. GPT is the acronym for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, a deep learning technology that uses artificial neural networks to write like a human. These GPTs are used in AI chatbots because of their natural language processing abilities to both understand users' text inputs and generate conversational outputs. ChatGPT has reached new heights of popularity in the last few months – and it is no surprise!

Evals is also compatible with implementing existing benchmarks; we’ve included several notebooks implementing academic benchmarks and a few variations of integrating (small subsets of) CoQA as an example. We have made progress on external benchmarks like TruthfulQA, which tests the model’s ability to separate fact from an adversarially-selected set of incorrect statements. These questions are paired with factually incorrect answers that are statistically appealing.

An example of the former is the AI Engine plugin for WordPress-based websites. This allows you to enter your API key and take advantage of AI tools that write content directly into your website’s CMS. With the Pro version of the app, you can train that chatbot on your own company data, so it can answer questions about your products, for example.

• By using GPT-4 for document generation, businesses can save time and resources, while also ensuring that their documents are consistent, error-free, and tailored to their specific needs.
• One worry about AI is that students will use it to cheat, for example when answering essay questions.
• He has published a number of articles on TechFinitive covering data, innovation and cybersecurity.

For example, if you asked GPT-4 who won the Super Bowl in February 2022, it wouldn't have been able to tell you. OpenAI’s second most recent model, GPT-3.5, differs from the current generation in a few ways. OpenAI has not revealed the size of the model that GPT-4 was trained on but says it is “more data and more computation” than the billions of parameters ChatGPT was trained on. GPT-4 has also shown more deftness when it comes to writing a wider variety of materials, including fiction. AI can suffer model collapse when trained on AI-created data; this problem is becoming more common as AI models proliferate.

GPT-4 Is Exciting and Scary

OpenAI is aware of the potential for AI models like Chat GPT to perpetuate biases found in training data. The organization continuously works on improving the safety and fairness of its models through research and updates. By using ChatGPT-4 for marketing and advertising, businesses can save time and resources, while also improving the effectiveness of their campaigns. Ultimately, it has the potential to help businesses achieve their marketing goals and grow their customer base.

Imagine that you are in a time machine and you travel back in time to a point where you are standing at the switch. If you do nothing, the trolley will kill the five people, but if you switch the trolley to the other track, the child will die instead. You also know that if you do nothing, the child will grow up to become a tyrant who will cause immense suffering and death in the future.

To get access to the GPT-4 API (which uses the same ChatCompletions API as gpt-3.5-turbo), please sign up for our waitlist. We will start inviting some developers today, and scale up gradually to balance capacity with demand. If you are a researcher studying the societal impact of AI or AI alignment issues, you can also apply for subsidized access via our Researcher Access Program.

While earlier versions limited you to about 3,000 words, the GPT-4 Turbo accepts inputs of up to 300 pages in length. While research suggests that GPT-4 has shown “sparks” of artificial general intelligence, it is nowhere near true AGI. But Altman predicted that it could be accomplished in a “reasonably close-ish future” at the 2024 World Economic Forum — a timeline as ambiguous as it is optimistic. OpenAI also claims that GPT-4 is generally more trustworthy than GPT-3.5, returning more factual answers. This is backed up by a 2023 paper published by more than a dozen researchers from Center for AI Safety, Microsoft Research and several universities — who gave GPT-4 a higher trustworthiness score than its predecessor.

We include 32k context in Enterprise, allowing users to process four times longer inputs or files. ChatGPT Enterprise also provides unlimited access to advanced data analysis, previously known as Code Interpreter. If you’re looking to tailor ChatGPT to your organization, you can use our new shared chat templates to collaborate and build common workflows. If you need to extend OpenAI into a fully custom solution for your org, our pricing includes free credits to use our API as well. OpenAI claims that GPT-4 fixes or improves upon many of the criticisms that users had with the previous version of its system. As a “large language model”, GPT-4 is trained on vast amounts of data scraped from the internet and attempts to provide responses to sentences and questions that are statistically similar to those that already exist in the real world.

But he adds that without seeing the technical details, it’s hard to judge how impressive these results really are. GPT-4 is the most secretive release the company has ever put out, marking its full transition from nonprofit research lab to for-profit tech firm. We got a first look at the much-anticipated big new language model from OpenAI.

GPT-4 Can Handle More Words

With an increased word count limit for both input and output, this tool is able to undertake a wider range of tasks with greater accuracy and efficiency. If you wish to get your hands on this latest technology, you will need to upgrade to a ChatGPT Plus account. At the time of writing, ChatGPT Plus is available as a subscription and charges 20 dollars per month.

Despite this, the open-source model enables individuals to utilise and alter it to fit their needs. Now that we've discovered "What company owns ChatGPT?", it's time to discuss who stands behind OpenAI. So, whenever you are asked, "What company owns ChatGPT?" you know that OpenAI is the answer. OpenAI, the company behind ChatGPT, was established in 2015 by a group of individuals, including Twitter owner Elon Musk, Ilya Sutskever, Wojciech Zaremba, Greg Brockman, and Sam Altman.

A second option with greater context length – about 50 pages of text – known as gpt-4-32k is also available. This option costs $0.06 per 1K prompt tokens and $0.12 per 1k completion tokens. Launched on March 14, OpenAI says this latest version can process up to 25,000 words – about eight times as many as GPT-3 – process images and handle much more nuanced instructions than GPT-3.5. OpenAI, the company behind the viral chatbot ChatGPT, has announced the release of GPT-4.

• Our API platform offers our latest models and guides for safety best practices.
• Faced with such competition, OpenAI is treating this release more as a product tease than a research update.
• This is a reductive answer, but while there are many engineers involved with the task of ML development, Sutskever is the most senior member of OpenAI with a hands-on role in the software engineering of Chat GPT.
• You can even double-check that you’re getting GPT-4 responses since they use a black logo instead of the green logo used for older models.
• OpenAI got a big boost when Microsoft said in February it's using GPT technology in its Bing search engine, including a chat features similar to ChatGPT.
• In 2019, Microsoft announced a partnership with OpenAI and joined the latter as a strategic investor, with an investment of USD 1 Billion.

OpenAI has also produced ChatGPT, a free-to-use chatbot spun out of the previous generation model, GPT-3.5, and DALL-E, an image-generating deep learning model. As the technology improves and grows in its capabilities, OpenAI reveals less and less about how its AI solutions are trained. Large language models use a technique called deep learning to produce text that looks like it is produced by a human. GPT-3.5 is an improved version of GPT-3, capable of understanding and outputting natural language prompts as well as generating code. It is probably the most popular GPT model since it has been found in OpenAI's free version of ChatGPT since its launch.

Generative AI technology like GPT-4 could be the future of the internet, at least according to Microsoft, which has invested at least $1 billion in OpenAI and made a splash by integrating AI chatbot tech into its Bing browser. ChatGPT Enterprise has cut down research time by an average of an hour per day, increasing productivity for people on our team. It’s been a powerful tool that has accelerated testing hypotheses and improving our internal systems.

Once you’ve entered your credit card information, you’ll be able to toggle between GPT-4 and older versions of the LLM. You can even double-check that you’re getting GPT-4 responses since they use a black logo instead of the green logo used for older models. The creator of the model, OpenAI, calls it the company’s “most advanced system, producing safer and more useful responses.” Here’s everything you need to know about it, including how to use it and what it can do. "Anyone can easily build their own GPT—no coding is required," the company wrote in a release. Until now, ChatGPT's enterprise and business offerings were the only way people could upload their own data to train and customize the chatbot for particular industries and use cases. GPT-4 Turbo is the latest AI model, and it now provides answers with context up to April 2023.

TechFinitive delivers inspirational, insightful and informative content to IT and business professionals, helping them make definitive technology purchasing decisions. If Visual Studio Code is your IDE of choice, GitHub Copilot could help you whizz through coding jobs. Instead of handwriting code, you can simply ask the AI to write the necessary section, explaining what you want done in plain English. Alternatively, you can have it look over your shoulder at the code you’ve written and see if it can find ways to make the code leaner or highlight flaws.

Even though tokens aren’t synonymous with the number of words you can include with a prompt, Altman compared the new limit to be around the number of words from 300 book pages. Let’s say you want the chatbot to analyze an extensive document and provide you with a summary—you can now input more info at once with GPT-4 Turbo. Say goodbye to the perpetual reminder from ChatGPT that its information cutoff date is restricted to September 2021. “We are just as annoyed as all of you, probably more, that GPT-4’s knowledge about the world ended in 2021,” said Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, at the conference.

This is a reductive answer, but while there are many engineers involved with the task of ML development, Sutskever is the most senior member of OpenAI with a hands-on role in the software engineering of Chat GPT. No one person designed Chat GPT, instead it was a a collective effort of OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, his co-founder Ilya and the OpenAI board. It’s not clear who wrote the first line of code, or the first line that is still present. The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using Whisper, OpenAI's speech recognition model). ChatGPT's policy states that the user retains ownership of the input, as permitted by applicable law. Furthermore, OpenAI transfers all its rights, title, and interest in the output to the user.

GPT-4 can also be used to create high-quality audio content for podcasts and audiobooks, making it easier to reach audiences that prefer audio content over written text. The feature that probably created the most excitement was the announcement that GPT-4 was to be a multimodal model. This means that text and image can be submitted as input which unlocks a variety of new possibilities.

OpenAI has launched its own AI text classifier in the market, while another AI detector tool, GPTZero, has surfaced recently. These tools may assist universities and anti-cheating software firms in detecting AI-generated content and maintaining the integrity of academic writing. He recently shared on Twitter that the chatbot successfully crossed one million users roughly one day after its launch. In conclusion, the benefits of integrating GPT-4 into your systems are numerous and can help you achieve your goals in today’s competitive business environment. You can also use GPT-4 to analyze large amounts of text data, such as customer feedback or product reviews, to gain valuable insights into customer satisfaction. Essentially there are two primary methods, either through the chatbot accessible on Chat.OpenAI, or by incorporating it into your own system.

This could have serious consequences for individuals and society as a whole, and it is important that ethical considerations are taken into account when developing and using these technologies. In theory, combining text and images could allow multimodal models to understand the world better. “It might be able to tackle traditional weak points of language models, like spatial who owns chat gpt 4 reasoning,” says Wolf. It seems like the new model performs well in standardized situations, but what if we put it to the test? Below are the two chatbots’ initial, unedited responses to three prompts we crafted specifically for that purpose last year. Check out our head-to-head comparison of OpenAI’s ChatGPT Plus and Google’s Gemini Advanced, which also costs $20 a month.

by Георги Тенев